Arthur Andersen Case - 2098 Words

1. What did Arthur Anderson contribute to the Enron disaster? Arthur Andersen (AA) contributed to the Enron disaster when AA consulting became its own separate entity, named Accenture. Revenues from consulting services surpassed revenue from auditing services. A natural competitiveness grew between the two rivals and this is where the problems began to start. Management held maximinizing revenues as their primary focus of success and promotions/bonuses were based on this factor. The CEO of AA, Joe Berardino, was an extremely aggressive pursuer of revenue. This set a negative culture at the top of the company and partners were expected to comply and atttain that demand. In addition, AA recognized the retention of audit clients as imperative†¦show more content†¦Ethical behaviour in an organization is guided by the ethical culture of the organization, by any relevant professional norms and codes, and particularly by the tone at the top and the example set by top executives. AA’s CEO at the time, Joe Berardino played a significant role in misguiding the firm and pushing revenue generation rather than working towards decreasing the conflicts between the auditing profession and the public interest. On April 2, 2002, U.S. House Energy and Commerce Committee released a memo dated December 9, 1999 from Carl Bass a partner in AA’s Professional Services Group to David Duncan, the AA partner in charge of the Enron account. This memo asked for an accounting change that would have resulted in a $30-$50 million change to Enron’s earnings (believed to be in regard to the SPE transactions). In February 2000, Bass attempted again to bring light on what he believed was an arm’s length transaction by emailing Duncan to object setting up LJM Partnership (LJM was a company set up by former Enron CFO Andrew Fastow). Duncan overruled Bass on the first memo and shortly after the second attempt where he questioned the CFO, Andrew Fastow and his role with the SPE’s was Duncan removed from the Enron acc ount entirely. In any other of the Big 5 firms, Bass would have been able to overrule Duncan. However, this is a great example that stresses that AA’s objectives wereShow MoreRelatedArthur Andersen And Enron Case Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages 1.What was the case about? (Summary of the Case) The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron which was one of its major clients. The criminal charges faced by the firm in the Enron case and how the Enron case eventually led to the closure of Arthur Andersen company. The company was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. After the conviction, the firm could no longer provide public accounting services. On JuneRead MoreArthur Andersen Case2216 Words   |  9 PagesOverview In order â€Å"to offer high-quality accounting services†, Arthur Andersen (AA), a Northwestern accounting professor started a business to offer services to clients promoting â€Å"integrity and sound audit opinions over higher short-run profits†. The company’s â€Å"four cornerstones† was good service, quality audits, well-managed staff, and profits for the firm. Their strategy was to focus on quality and high standards of audits rather than profits, a very successful strategy that led to consistentRead MoreArthur Andersen s Enron Case918 Words   |  4 Pages The case is about Arthur Andersen s role in accounting fraud at Enron; Enron was one of its Arthur Andersen major clients. The criminal charges faced by Andersen in the Enron case and how the case eventually led to the closure of the company. It was convicted in 2002 of one count of obstruction of justice because of its role in Enron’s auditing. After the conviction, the firm could no longer provide public accounting services. On June 15, 2002, Arthur Andersen was convicted of obstruction ofRead MoreCapstone Case Study – Arthur Andersen LLP Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Individual Project Capstone Case Study – Arthur Andersen LLP Bus 680 – Economics for Business Decisions Summer 2013 1. Discuss the environmental, strategic and organizational changes that occurred over the life of Andersen in the context of figure 11.1. While Andersen started off as a stable environment, once changes started being made to the main focus of the company many changes were expedited. While still successful in it’s auditing business, other opportunities arose that allowed for quickerRead MoreCase Analysis Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices1000 Words   |  4 PagesCase Analysis Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices ââ€" Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP, which is over a span of nearly 90 years, would become one of the Big five largest accounting firms in the United States. Moreover, the accounting firm seen as the symbol of trust, integrity and ethic. The good reputation is derived from the advent of consulting business, which was developed by Leonard Spack. However, with the growth of consulting services, many accounting firms viewed it as aRead MoreCase Study of Arthur Andersen1399 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Decision-Making Cases Write-ups Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices Name: Wen Jiangshan Student ID:2011008274 Part I. Summary of the case Case 2 mainly introduces how Arthur Andersen, who used to be one of the â€Å"Big Five† largest accounting firms in the United States, strayed away from accepted policies and stuck in a string of accounting scandals, finally closed its doors after 90 years of business. The firm’s name was synonymous withRead MoreThe Case Of Enron And Arthur Andersen Co1829 Words   |  8 Pagesout of its current assets (What Is Bankruptcy? Definition and Meaning). Two main objectives of bankruptcy are settling fair of all legal claims through equitable distribution and providing the debtor an opportunity to start fresh. The case of Enron and Arthur Andersen Co. relates to what it is to experience bankruptcy. According to Enron Before filing for bankruptcy in 2001, the business was one of the biggest mixed natural gas and electricity companies in the world. It marketed natural gas liquidsRead MoreCase Analysis Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices1012 Words   |  5 PagesCase Analysis Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices ââ€" Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP, which is over a span of nearly 90 years, would become one of the Big five largest accounting firms in the United States. Moreover, the accounting firm seen as the symbol of trust, integrity and ethic. The good reputation is derived from the advent of consulting business, which was developed by Leonard Spack. However, with the growth of consulting services, many accounting firms viewed it as a sccessfulRead MoreEnron Scandal Of Enron Corporation Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Enron scandal which aroused in 2001 was one of the most famous events in the area of fraud audit. As the auditor company of Enron, Arthur Andersen failed to prepare true and fair auditing reports. They both suffered lethal loss at that time. The following paragraphs will discuss this fraud event, including the organization history, the organization’s event, the fraud issue in the event, the consequence of the main stakeholders, auditors in the event and their roles, and the current situationRead MoreManagement Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen1221 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Management Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen Management Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen In 1913, the company Arthur Andersen started by Arthur Andersen and Clarence Delany by the name of Andersen, Delany, Co. In 1918, it was given the name Arthur Andersen Co. The company supplied tax, consulting services and auditing for the large business, and itself had a position in the Big Five accounting firms. In 2002, this firm was found guilty for auditing an energy corporation

Walt Disney A Legend Of His Time - 1945 Words

Lizzie Snyder Mrs. Craft IB English, Period 9 24 September 2014 Walt Disney: A Legend of His Time Considered to be legendary in the fields of film and animation and well known for his famous theme parks, Walt Disney was and still continues to be an icon of the entertainment industry. Coining the phrase, â€Å"If you can dream it, you can do it,† Disney was devoted to embodying the American spirit. He loved learning about the past and was active in working towards the future in a whimsical manner which is evident in his films and theme parks. Although he is no longer living, Disney’s energy and spirit continue to shine through all the Walt Disney Company’s endeavors. Walt Disney singlehandedly changed the entertainment industry in regards to quality of animation and integration of American culture into film as shown in his first full- length film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. Walter Elias Disney was born to Flora and Elias Disney on December 5, 1901 near Chicago, Illinois. As a young boy, Disney enjoyed sketching, draw ing, and painting. When he was ten, Disney moved to Marceline, Missouri with his family. He attended McKinley High School in Chicago, Illinois, and left at age sixteen to enlist in the United States Army. After being rejected, Disney was sent to France for a year with the Red Cross. When he was twenty, he founded his first animation studio with his brother, Roy (Dakss 1). As Walt Disney Studios started to expand and take shape as a legitimate company,Show MoreRelatedWalt Disneys Career Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney’s Career Imagine the world without Walt Disney, imagine never knowing who Mickey or Minnie Mouse were. Think about not ever laughing at a film created by Disney, not even 1 of the 635 ever produced. Walt has brought laughter into family rooms of millions and has continued that for almost 90 years. He was a legend. Walt Disney grew up drawing for friends and newspapers and ended up becoming one of the greatest entertainers and film producers. Walt Disney was born on December 5th,Read More The Life Of Walt Disney The Grimm Brothers Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages Walt Disney and Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Walt Disney and the Grimm Brothers used their talents, and, with help, became some of the most famous children’s literature writers and business owners of all time. Many children have read Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales and watched Walt Disney’s films and cartoons. The creators have used their tales, films, and cartoons not only during their lives, but even now. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 to a German-Irish-Canadian-American family who livedRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Disney Company Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Disney Company started on 1923, known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It changed its name a couple years after to the Walt Disney Studio. It wasn t until December 1937 when the first animated features film of Disney hit the big screen pictures with the many movies like Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The Walt Disney Company had instant success with the film industry, becoming the highest grossing film of all time until Gone with the Wind two years later. Obviously, this led to moreRead MoreWalter Walt Disney s Life898 Words   |  4 PagesWalter Elias Disney Walter Elias Disney was a film producer, cartoonist, screenwriter, and one of the first innovators for animation. He invented and was the founder Disneyland, an enormous theme park for family and friends of any age. These two theme parks are still popular and known throughout the entire world. He is known as a legend to the world. Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Hermosa, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney and his mother was Flora Call Disney. Walt Disney has threeRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s The Happiest Place On Earth 1159 Words   |  5 PagesMan, The Myth, The Legend A man by the name of Walt Disney, is the ideal symbol of an American hero. Disney is known to bring inspiration and imagination into many of his productions. Disneyland, the happiest place on earth, was built by Disney in the late forties. As the founder of Walt Disney Company, and a producer, he has collected a record of fifty- nine nominations as an Academy Award winner, winning thirty-two awards, and still holding the record. At sixty-five, Disney died of lung cancerRead MoreWalt Disney Biography Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Disney is a legend, a folk hero of the 20th century. His worldwide popularity was based on imagination, optimism, creation, and self-made success in America. Walt Disney did more to touch the hearts, minds, and emotions of millions of kids and adults than any other person. He brought us closer to the future, while telling us of the past. It is certain, that there will never be such as great a man, as Walt Disney. Walter Elias Disney was born December 5, 1901 in Chicago Illinois. Walt was oneRead MoreThe Legacy of Walt Disney1001 Words   |  4 Pagestrue? For Walt Disney, the answer was yes. He stated, â€Å"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them†. He is absolutely right. Don’t dream but have the mindset of it being impossible, dream and have the mindset of it being possible. Hard work is capable of paying off. Goals can be met and wildest dreams can come true. Walt Disney used his creative personality to accomplish his goals, make an impact on many lives, and leave his legacy for all to remember. Walt Disney was filledRead MoreWalt Disney s Influence On The Entertainment Industry1561 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement is the one and only Walt Disney. From rags to riches, Disney made strides in the entertainment world that reshaped America’s entertainment industry, as we know it today. From cartoon strips to Disneyland, Walt Disney’s contributions to the theatre world were monumental and established him as one of the greatest entertainers in the world. Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago on December 5, 1901. His father was part Canadian, his mother was American, and both his parents are of European descentRead MoreWalter Elias Disney, known by many as â€Å"the man behind the mouse†, was one of the most known people1500 Words   |  6 PagesWalter Elias Disney, known by many as â€Å"the man behind the mouse†, was one of the most known people of the 20th century. He was both the dreamer and the do-er who brought his imagination to life through his determination and hard work. Walt Disney became the next Leonardo DaVinci – a significant, genuine artist that impacted society at heart. Disney was full of creativity and lived to share it with the world through his works of art. Although he is not alive today, he continues to impact our livesRead MoreThe Land Of Pixie Dust And Fairytales The Happiest Place On Earth Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesEarth and that mouse Walt Disney World is all this and more to th e over 50 million visitors who pour through its gates every year. Prices may be high and the lines long, but you can learn to love Disney with a little know-how. When you see kids eyes light up as they meet Mickey or glimpse Cinderella Castle on the horizon, you ll no longer able be able to say that you don t like Disney. The Topic: Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney and to the talents

Custom Fabricators Case Solution Free Essays

I. Problem: How can Custom Fabricators, Inc. (CFI) prevent a possible business takeover of the Mexican suppliers and at the same time, ensure long-term profitability? II. We will write a custom essay sample on Custom Fabricators Case Solution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Assumptions: 1. The case is set on the current year. 2. The Mexican suppliers will win the bid and production will move to Mexico. 3. In case CFI would switch to contract manufacturing, the contracted volume of units that they will produce is within the range of their production under lean manufacturing. 4. Orleans would shoulder the cost of shipping products from Mexico to CFI only. III. Alternatives: Based on the opportunities of CFI, the group has identified three alternatives for the company to implement: a. Work closely with Mexican suppliers This involves establishment of effective communication lines (e. g. through Internet, video conferencing), assigning a representative to monitor quality of products to be shipped, sending quality control machines to Mexico or asking Orleans to require the Mexican suppliers to conduct quality check before shipment. b. Differentiate product and/or expand market This involves developing more advanced products (e. . touch-screen elevator control panels) or expanding its target market (e. g. instead of just supplying control panels for elevators it can also create ones for ATMs, safety vaults etc. ) c. Switch to contract manufacturing This means instead of producing outputs only when Orleans needs it, CFI would now have a fixed production per month that they would need to deliver. IV. Analysis: First, let us identify the major is sues in the case. Currently, CFI has several strengths that help them establish a competitive advantage. First is the company’s proximity to the construction site and to the Bedford plant which serves as its supplier as it was able to keep the transportation costs minimal. Another one is its customer intimacy. Because CFI knows exactly what Orleans needs and when to provide it, it is able to cater to their customer’s demands in time with good quality products. Having been in the business for over 15 years, CFI was also able to set up efficient operations which helped them on becoming a lean manufacturer. It also has loyal and skilled employees that are satisfied in their job. Lastly, its business has also been profitable with a high profit margin of almost 30%. However, the company also has several weaknesses that we must take into consideration. First, CFI is a private company which means it has limited financing options and relies heavily on its revenues as generated by its operations. Also, because it wants to maintain its good relationship with its employees it could not reduce labor cost. Because of Orleans’ increasing efforts to reduce costs, the company faces the threat of having the production of raw materials moved to Mexico because of the cheaper labor costs there. If that would happen (and this paper assumes that it will), CFI might have problems with shipping back items that are not of par quality in addition to possible problems in communication. Moreover, there is also the threat of competition as Orleans might look for other suppliers in Mexico to continue to lower costs and since CFI couldn’t lower its costs anymore, Orleans might just source totally from Mexico. Now, let us analyze each of the alternatives. The first one is to work closely with its Mexican suppliers. Through this, CFI will be able to ensure the quality and secure shipment of units to their company. It would also lessen chances of error in production and delivery and decrease waiting costs for the unit replacements. However, there is the uncertainty of soliciting cooperation from the Mexican suppliers and sending a representative or a quality control machine in Mexico is costly. Moreover, the Mexican suppliers might gain knowledge of CFI’s efficient production process which increases the risk of business takeover. If CFI will differentiate its product, it would be able to lessen its dependence on Orleans as it would be able to get more customers and therefore generate more income. Also, there is a lesser risk of business takeover as their product will increase competitive advantage as it was able to provide more value for a small additional cost. This can also be related to the alternative of market expansion as its differentiated product could open new market opportunities for them. However, it should also be considered that this alternative requires more investment in RD and other equipment. Also there are risks of market failure and having problems in meeting demand due to its limited capacity. Lastly, we have the alternative of switching from lean manufacturing to contract manufacturing. This would help CFI develop economies of scale and receive fixed income or stable inflow of revenues. Because of this, it will be able to better allocate its resources and might even reduce labor costs as it would generally need less workers. CFI can also use its excess capacity to cater to other customers or work on other products. However, this can also be a factor against them because Orleans might be reluctant to have it as a contract manufacturer thus increasing the risk of CFI being replaced by a Mexican supplier. In addition to that, this alternative also comes with termination costs and decrease in competitive advantage. V. Plan of Action: After analyzing the position and the possible alternatives of CFI, we created an action plan that takes into consideration the long-run costs and benefits of each option and its technical, operational and economic feasibility given the current capacity, resources, and opportunities of the company. Based on the analysis, CFI could undertake several alternatives but each should be implemented at the right time. Here is the proposed action and contingency plans for the company: Short-term (1-2 years) Assuming that the production of raw materials will move to Mexico, the best immediate action that CFI could undertake is to work closely with the Mexican suppliers. The company might not be able to lower its costs anymore but they could still ensure that the products that they create are still of good quality and are able to meet the demand. Moreover, we see that it is unlikely for Orleans to eliminate CFI in the supply chain as it would be more costly for them to look for new Mexican suppliers considering that they already established a good business relationship and developed the efficiency caused by over 15 years of working together. Long-term (More than 2 years) To address the issue of ensuring long-run profitability knowing that CFI couldn’t compete with Mexican suppliers in terms of cost, it can try to differentiate its products to enhance its competitive advantage. Since the company has a high profit margin and loyal workers that produce when there is only a demand for it, it could use these as additional investment in RD and be used to cater to other consumer demands. Because of this, it would be impractical for Orleans to eliminate CFI in the supply chain as they would get more value from it that they couldn’t just get anywhere easily. Moreover, CFI could also see get an opportunity to expand its market for its unique selling proposition therefore increasing its profitability. How to cite Custom Fabricators Case Solution, Essay examples

Sample Investigative Assessment on Red Cross Advertisement

Question- You should investigate some advertisements for a range of non-profit organisations. These may be political, economic, sport, health, management or government organisations at local, national or international level. Select one of these and provide an analysis using theory about exposure, attention and attitudes as discussed in this course? Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Summary of the organisation 1.2Description of the advertisement 2. Analysis 2.1 Attention Factors 2.2 Comprehension 2.3 High and Low Involvement Behaviour 2.4 Function of Attitude 3. Summary References 1. Introduction Quietly and moderately inconspicuously, charity has gotten enormous business in numerous nations. Australia does not stray from this viewpoint. Drawing on discoveries from the last extensive national study directed on giving, Lyons and Passey (2005) report that 87% of the grown-up populace give by and by in changing degrees to charity, with gifts in abundance of $5.7 billion yearly. Despite the fact that the general interest rate is high, various benefactors could be viewed as relative tenderfoots, given constrained part investment. A lot of people are unpracticed and uncommitted, giving just occasionally or erratically. Then again, these people alongside present non-providers speak to a noteworthy obtaining open door for foundations battling in the company of escalated rivalry for benefactor subsidizes as of late (Bennett, 2003). Contributors in such circumstances confront a decision between numerous associations that can use their gifts for the related reason. It is thusly astonish ing that in spite of the fact that much examines consideration has been given to why individuals give to charity; little has been paid to how they give, for example, how the decision between foundations is made in a giving circumstance (Hibbert and Horne, 1996). Ad assumes a vital part in such circumstance to get the inclusion of shoppers with pertinent consideration element and help them to settle on decisions of charity that ought to be given. With a yearly turnover of more than 400 million Australian dollars (201220138) Australian Red Cross is one the biggest non-benefits in nation, with 680 branch, 18,500 parts, 35,000 volunteers and 3,000 staff. Present paper deals with the analysis of the print advertisement of Red Cross organization on the ground of relevant attention factor and involvement behavior of the consumer. 1.1 Summary of the organisation Australian Red Cross was structured at the flare-up of World War I in 1914, when many volunteers were prepared to give backing to help the war influenced. It was reinforced throughout World War II when Australian Red Cross sent men and ladies to serve the diseased, injured, ex-administration individuals and their families to places where Australian troops were included. They gave an extent of administrations to Australian detainees of war and their families, offered administrations in military healing facilities, and aided in the repatriation of ex-administration staff. Initially an extension of the British Red Cross, it was not until 1941 that Australian Red Cross was joined by Royal Charter and turned into a National Society in its own particular right. The post-war period saw remaking and recovery that concentrated on social welfare, debacles and crises, advancement of the blood donation center and emergency treatment programs, all of which was supported by a broad limb system and many volunteers. Throughout this time Australian Red Cross additionally amplified its inclusion in the more extensive concerns of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, particularly in worldwide philanthropic law and outcast administrations. Today, Australian Red Cross is a heading philanthropic association in Australia that works towards engaging and making powerless individuals more secure and more flexible through the conveyance of administrations and the advancement of compassionate laws and qualities. Administrations are concentrated on seven necessity ranges made by the administrations audit and the support of the current key arrangement, Strategy 2015. 1.2 Description of the advertisement The advertisement conveys the message to people that they can use their Wills to help other people. It is strong message provide to people that their little contribution means a lot for other peoples life. Your Will is a standout amongst the most essential records you sign throughout your lifetime. It's the main way you might make certain that youre belonging and holdings go to the individuals and philanthropies you think about. Making or overhauling your Will doesn't have to be an overwhelming undertaking. Red Cross has orchestrated an extraordinary offer with neighbourhood specialists who will give their time to set up a straightforward Will from $75. In the wake of accommodating your friends and family we might be respected in the event that you might think about leaving a blessing in your Will to Red Cross. Each blessing in every Will has any kind of effect and will keep on improving the lives of helpless individuals in our groups and abroad for eras to come. 2. Analysis 2.1 Attention Factors The print advertisement of Red Cross consists of four main attention factors which help to attract people towards charity. Also the overall impact of the advertisement provides an insight to readers or viewers that they can easily contribute and their contribution will make big difference in the people who are looking out for help. Relevance- The advertisement is very much relevant and appealing to the people. As making a will is a common process being down. It is routine process which people do just to ensure that their belongings are passing on to their loved ones. This advertisement has added so much importance to the process that a small initiative from people can make huge differences for others. Credibility- The advertisement in a simple word explains the credibility of the organization and their willingness to help poor and needy people. The advertisement claims that the organization demanding for charity is worth enough and is purely dedicated to well being of society. Headlines- The line use to convey the message ie Wills of life very much attractive and meaningful. It provides the overall idea of the importance of donation and how quickly one can contribute in the whole process and reaching out people who are in pain. Layout- The layout is small and made up of good color combination so that a casual magazine or newspaper reader will also take acknowledgement of the advertisement. Over all the advertisement is nicely designed with strong message to get donation from individuals. 2.2 Comprehension Publicizing was at first intended to make individuals mindful of the products accessible in the business sector. It was as straightforward as proclaiming what you have in your store or the administrations you offer in your premises. Through the years, promoting has developed into a real industry that goes past advising to influencing and affecting. It is a type of mentally programming shoppers. Yes it is a brainwashing advertisement which makes a impact on the thought process of the reader or viewer. People look towards donation or charity as a additional work but this offer has given a rout of making donation by just using the facility of Will set up from Red Cross at reasonable rate in turn providing small gift to people through charity. 2.3 High and Low Involvement Behaviour As you have seen, numerous components impact a customer's conduct. Contingent upon a buyer's experience and information, a few buyers may have the capacity to settle on snappy buy choices and different purchasers may need to get data and be more included in the choice process before making a buy. The level of contribution reflects how by and by essential or intrigued you are in devouring an item and what amount of data you have to settle on a choice. The level of contribution in purchasing choices may be viewed as a continuum from choices that are reasonably normal to choices that require far reaching thought and an abnormal amount of association. Whether a choice is low, high, or restricted, inclusion shifts by buyer, not by item, despite the fact that a few items, for example, obtaining a house regularly oblige a high-contribution for all customers. Customers with no experience obtaining an item may have more association than somebody who is reinstating an item. Here the advertisement includes the high involvement behaviour from the consumer. As the advertisement is very much meaningful it make consumer think seriously about the charity. The careless attitude of people towards the donation process is being changed by this advertisement campaign. People seriously start thinking that they can change the routine work of making Will into some positive work of making contribution as a helping had to the prosperity of the society. 2.4 Function of Attitude The meddlesome strategies promoters utilize when seeking purchasers consideration could be irritating to the groups of onlookers ( Zhang 2000). Thusly, studies have a tendency to show a for the most part negative open disposition towards publicizing (Alwitt and Prabhaker, 1994). Notwithstanding, the above discoveries are not sufficient to prevent the worth from claiming publicizing as a vehicle of passing on data to the target groups. Ducoffe (1996) contends, "The dominant part of promoting exposures achieve people when they are not looking for the item or administration being publicized, so most messages are essentially not significant to buyer concerns at the time of presentation" (p.22). Accordingly, the essentialness of a promoting method that coddles customers needs has developed. Practically matched ads evoked more positive disposition, cognitive reactions, and buy plans than did befuddling ads. Resulting examination yielded a practical matching impact when members were approached to compose their ads for utilitarian and social character items (Shavitt et al., 1992). The advertisement Will for life has totally changed the attitude of people towards donation and process of giving charity. Many times people resist giving donation and only paying if somebody is forcing a lot. The forceful donation is no more exist now. Based on this advertisement peoples perception towards charity will completely change and people will look towards it as an easy and vital process. 3. Summary Red Cross is one of the leading organizations in the field of charity. The company use strategy of awareness for advertisement. The company believe the charity should be willing and not by force. The offer given in the advertisement is useful for people who will participate in the Will setup also is useful in getting donation from people. The advertisement is truly applicable and speaking to the individuals. As making a will is a typical methodology being down. It is standard methodology which individuals do simply to guarantee that their tangibles are passing on to their friends and family. This commercial has added such a great amount of essentialness to the process that a little activity from individuals can make immense contrasts for others. The ad in a basic word clarifies the trustworthiness of the association and their readiness to help poor and destitute individuals. The notice asserts that the association requesting for charity is worth enough and is simply devoted to prosperity of public opinion. The line utilization to pass on the message ie "Wills of life" really magnetic and compelling. It gives the general thought of the vitality of gift and how rapidly one can help in the entire process and connecting individuals who are in agony. The format is little and made up of great color mixture so that a cool magazine or daily paper onlooker will additionally take acknowledgement of the ad. Over all the notice is pleasantly outlined with solid message to get gift from people. In light of this commercial individuals' observation towards charity will totally change and individuals will look towards it as a simple and essential procedure. References Alwitt, L. F. and Prabhaker, (1994), P. R. Identifying Who Dislikes Television Advertising: Not By Demographics Alone. Journal of Advertising Research (34:6), 17-29. Bennett, R.,( 2003), Competitor analysis practices of British charities. Marketing Intelligence Planning 21 (6), 335-345. Ducoffe, R. H. (1996), "How Consumers Assess the Value of Advertising." Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising 17,1-18. Hibbert, S., Horne, S., (1996), Giving to charity: questioning the donor decision process. Journal of Consumer Marketing 13 (2), 4-13. Lyons, M., Passey, A., (2005), Australians giving and volunteering 2004. Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Australian Government, Canberra. Shavitt, S., Lowrey, T. M., Han, S. (1992). Attitude functions in advertising: The interactive role of products and self-monitoring. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1, 337-364. Zhang, P.(2000), The Effect of Animation on Information Seeking Performance on the World Wide Web: Securing Attention or Interfering with Primary Tasks, Journal of Association for Information Systems (JAIS) (1:1).

Understand own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning free essay sample

In accordance with the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) it is the duty of every employer to ensure the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of his employees. In a catering environment this means effectively teaching the correct use of potentially harmful equipment such as knives, hotplates etc as well as food safety regulations for the safety of others. HSWA (1974) applies to every workplace in the UK and addresses the health and safety of employers and employees within the working environment. It outlines the legal responsibilities of individuals for health and safety issues. Local authorities develop their own service plan for food businesses however they must all work within the framework of the Food Standards Agency. The current framework agreement on official feed and food controls by local authorities has been effective since April 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Food Standards Agency’s new Code of Practice which governs the Council’s approach to food inspections and enforcement matters was introduced in February 2012. East Northamptonshire Council, who issue the licences for food premises and carry out periodic inspections of the premises in my area, also require that there is always a person on duty who has obtained the level 2 Food Safety qualification relative to the business ie catering, manufacturing or retail. The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) is a registered charity and the professional voice for environmental health. It sets standards, accredits courses and qualifications for the education of members and other environmental health practitioners. It provides information, evidence and policy advice to local and national government and environmental and public health practitioners in the public and private sectors. To teach Basic Food Safety for Catering level 2, the CIEH currently requires that you have both a teaching or training qualification to at least PTLLS level 3 and a minimum of a level 3 award in Food Safety for Catering. There are many recognised teaching qualifications including: †¢Diploma, Certificate, Bachelor or Masters Degree in Education, †¢City Guilds Teacher Certificate †¢Level 3 NVQ in training. †¢PTLLS, CTLLS, DTLLS If any of the required qualifications were gained more than three years ago, you are also required to submit details of how you have kept up to date with best practice. 1. 2Explain own role for promoting equality and valuing diversity. The Equality Act (2010) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society. It is against the law to discriminate against anyone because of: †¢Age †¢being or becoming a transsexual person †¢being married or in a civil partnership †¢being pregnant or having a child †¢disability†¢race including colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin †¢religion, belief or lack of religion/belief †¢sex †¢sexual orientation These are called ‘protected characteristics’. You’re protected from discrimination at work, in education, as a consumer, when using public services, when buying or renting property and as a member or guest of a private club or association. Diversity is about more than equality, it is about valuing variety and individual differences and creating a culture, environment and practices which respect and value differences for the benefit of society, organisations and individuals. As a director and trustee of my charity I am responsible for ensuring that we adopt an Equal Opportunities Policy which starts with recruitment. All applications are treated appropriately and someone cannot be rejected because of their gender, colour of skin, religion or any other discriminatory reason. As a Christian charity I must pay particular attention to ensuring that religion is not a factor in recruitment. Our staff are volunteers, we recruit via Nene Valley Community Action, social networking sites, website and notice boards. I believe that our volunteers will see me as an example of equality and diversity in action: I am an overweight female, nearing retirement age with a profoundly disabled daughter and I am a committed practising Christian; none of these things makes me any different to anyone else. 1. 3Explain own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning. Although my role as a teacher is largely imparting practical knowledge in a one-to-one setting it will not be sufficient to simply give information to a passive student. Reece and Walker believe that, â€Å"the modern teacher is a facilitator: a person who assists students to learn for themselves†. (Reece Walker, 2002) I consider that to maximise the learning potential and fully embrace that this is the ‘lifelong learning sector’ it is the duty of the teacher to inspire, motivate, and develop self belief frameworks. The success of this will be determined by how well the teacher can identify the needs of the student then plan a scheme of work based on the syllabus and their individual needs. The role will then be to deliver or facilitate learning in a suitable manner for the student and to assess them to ensure that the student has learnt the necessary skills and knowledge. Finally the role is that of evaluator. By obtaining feedback from the student and evaluating the teacher will be able to modify or make changes in the future. The Teachers Standards which were introduced on 1 September 2012 set a clear baseline of expectations for the professional practice and conduct of teachers, from the point of qualification. They replaced the previous standards for Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) and Core, and the GTCE’s Code of Conduct and Practice for Registered Teachers in England. I consider that it is my duty to uphold all the key elements of this standard: †¢Set high expectations which inspire, motivate and challenge students †¢Promote good progress and outcomes by students †¢Demonstrate good subject knowledge †¢Plan and teach well structured lessons †¢Adapt teaching to respond to the strengths and needs of all students †¢Make accurate and productive use of assessment. Manage behaviour effectively to ensure a good and safe learning environment †¢uphold public trust in the profession and maintain high standards of ethics and behaviour †¢treating students with dignity, building relationships rooted in mutual respect, and at all times observing proper boundaries appropriate to a teacher’s professional position †¢having regard for the need to safeguard students’ well-being, in accordance with statutory provisions †¢showing tolerance of and respect for the rights of others †¢not undermining fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect, and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs 1. 4Explain own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of learners Assessing learners’ needs is the process by which it is possible to identify what it is that is needed to provide a â€Å"good† course. Daines, Daines and Graham define this as a course â€Å"that is relevant to [the learners] needs with clear statements of purpose and having appropriate content presented at the right level and pace† Establishing students needs is the identification of what needs to be dealt with in order to help the student to gain the learning outcomes they are seeking. Interview an initial assessment will assist in the process to establish areas where learning support is needed Areas of difficulty might be †¢dyslexia †¢English as a second language †¢physical or mental disabilities During the 1970s and 1980s the concept of different learning styles that are intended to identify how people learn best. became popular in psychology and education. There are many different ways of categorizing learning styles including David Kolbs Experiential Learning Theory model and Jungian learning styles based on Carl Jungs theory of psychological types. However Neil Flemings VARK model is one of the most popular representations. In 1987, Fleming developed an inventory designed to help students and others learn more about their individual learning preferences. In Flemings model, sometimes referred to VARK learning styles, learners are identified by whether they have a preference for visual learning (pictures, movies, diagrams), auditory learning (music, discussion, lectures), reading and writing (making lists, reading textbooks, taking notes), or kinesthetic learning (movement, experiments, hands-on activities).

Truth Is Absolute Not Relative Essay Essays

Truth Is Absolute Not Relative Essay Essays Truth Is Absolute Not Relative Essay Paper Truth Is Absolute Not Relative Essay Paper Background of the Topic: Many people presents seek for â€Å"THE TRUTH† . I searched up the cyberspace and Google gave me 611 million replies in merely a quart of a 2nd. As top reply Google gave me this definition from wisegeek. com. â€Å"An absolute truth. sometimes called a cosmopolitan truth. is an inalterable and lasting fact. The construct of absolute truths – what they are and whether they exist – has been debated among many different groups of people. Philosophers have waded in the sludge of specifying absolute truth for millenary. For illustration. Plato believed that absolute truth existed. but that truth on Earth was simply a shadow of great signifiers of absolute truth bing in the existence which is now normally called â€Å"universals† . Alternatively. many believe in comparative truths. where facts may change depending on the fortunes. † Simply set. WHAT’S TRUE TO ME MAY NOT BE TRUE TO YOU. It is nevertheless hard to confute the construct of absolute truth. since stating that there are no absolute truths – that it is perfectly true that no absolute truth exists – is itself an absolute truth. † Relationship of the Topic- Main: It will assist us to cognize and acknowledge the cardinal footing of truth. To me: I steadfastly believe on absolute truth unlike others. I believe in the absolute truth of the Bible and God as its ultimate beginning. To the society: Life in a society sharing the same land that there is an being of absolute truth would eliminate most of today’s arguments on non-significant yet fascinating jobs. Besides. there is the demand of a certain and common cardinal footing of the starkness of truth and from whence it come Forth. Problem: Many of us were blinded about what is truth and a batch of us have different questions sing what is the existent significance of truth whether it is absolute or comparative. Definition of the subject: There are a few things that we all agree are perfectly true. but they depend upon an understanding in definition. ABSOULTE Truth: Truth is discovered non invented Truth is transcultural: it can be conveyed across different civilizations. Truth is unchanging: it can be conveyed across clip. Beliefs can non alter a truth statement no affair how sincere one may be Truth is unaffected by the attitude of the one profession it All Truthsare absolute Truth is cognizableIn order for truth to be absolute and keeping these qualities. it must be grounded in a beginning that is personal. unchanging. and crowned head over all creative activity. Relative Truth: Truth is created non discovered. Truth is a affair of position and each civilization or single defines for themselves what truth is. Since truth is invented. there is no cosmopolitan transcultural truth. Each civilization or person will specify truth otherwise harmonizing to their background and position. Truth alterations since it is inseparably connected to persons and civilizations which continually change truth perpetually to alterations. Since truth is a affair of a group or individual’s position. one’s beliefs can alter a truth statement. Since an single determines truth. truth is affected by the attitude of the one profession it. There can be no such thing as absolute truth. Absolute truth is non cognizable. Absolute and nonsubjective truth can non be known since it is built on the switching foundation of man’s perceptual experiences. As each individual’s perceptual experience is different. truth can non be known. Mentions: Bible and Blogs specifically the Truth Project

Residential Solar Power in Tucson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Residential Solar Power in Tucson - Essay Example In this regard, I might seek for alternative means of power purchase to save on cost and conserve the environment. Conventional electric production uses coal, nuclear or other forms of fossil fuels that through emissions contribute to global warming. In addition, the non-renewable energy sources are declining. Hence, I might choose not to purchase electricity in the traditional manner based on sustainability issues, demand charge, and environmental concerns. I will install solar panels to progress my desire for energy efficiency, cost effectiveness, and clean power source. Energy demand of 1000 kilowatt-hours per month shall require photovoltaic cells of approximately (50) 200 watts photovoltaic modules (Powerfully Green 1). Even though it entails significant installation cost, the power energy is renewable and accessible to photovoltaic cells. In addition, solar energy is environmentally friendly. It produces no emissions compared to fossil fuels that deplete the Ozone layer (Powerfully Green 1). In this regards, I will choose not to purchase blocks of solar power because the overall cost will be high. Installation is solar panels are the long-term solution to the energy

Elasticity of Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Elasticity of Demand - Essay Example When one of these two changes, the other also tends to change. This tendency is very well described by what is popularly known as Law of Demand. The law of Demand is a general law which need not be applicable in all situations. In certain situations this law seems to be unrealistic. The Law of Demand states that when the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases and vice versa, other things remaining the same. The phrase 'other things remain the same' is an important one that it portrays the exceptions of Law of Demand. The Law of Demand, therefore postulates the direction of change in one variable (price or quantity) due to the change in other variable. The law is silent about the magnitude of change. That means, it does not talk anything about the degree by which demand changes as a result of a change in price. Here lies the importance of Elasticity of Demand. This concept tells us the extent to which demand increases or decreases owing to a decrease or increase in price. Th erefore, Law of Demand is a qualitative measurement whereas Elasticity of Demand is a quantitative measurement. As stated earlier, elasticity is a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded for a change in price. ... Mathematically, it may be computed as: (Moffatt Mike: Elasticity of Demand) To calculate percentage change in quantity and percentage change in price, the following formulae can be sued: % change in quantity = Quantity (new) - Quantity (old) / Quantity (old) (Moffatt Mike: Elasticity of Demand) % change in Price = Price (new) - Price (old) / Price (old) (Moffatt Mike: Elasticity of Demand) Price Elasticity of Demand The Price Elasticity of Demand is the measure of responsiveness of quantity demand of a product as a result of change in its own price. This is also known as Own Price Elasticity of Demand. This theory measures the rate of response of quantity demanded due to change in price. Price Elasticity is a common phenomenon because price and demand are the two closely related variables. In other words, price is the most important determinant of demand. Price of a product and its demand are negatively correlated, which means when price increases, demand decreases and vice versa. Mathematically, price elasticity of demand can be expressed as below: Price Elasticity of Demand = (% Change in quantity demanded)/ (% change in price) (Moffatt Mike: Price Elasticity of Demand) % Change in quantity demanded = Quantity (new) - Quantity (old) / Quantity (old) (Moffatt Mike: Price Elasticity of Demand) % change in price = Price (new) - Price (old) / Price (old) (Moffatt Mike: Price Elasticity of Demand) Significance of Price Elasticity The calculation of price elasticity alone is not sufficient to an economist for decision making. It is a means to an end. Thus, interpretation is more important than computation. The purpose of calculating elasticity is for analyzing how sensitive is the demand for the product due to a

The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Benefits of Stem Cell - Research Paper Example Since stem cells are mostly embryonic in nature and are treated as a xenograft, the rate of an implant rejection by the body is not very rare. A high rate of differentiation of stem cells and their easy integration with the surrounding cell matrix has made this therapy very popular. Various clinical trials are in progress, ranging from the management of cancers- particularly in bone marrow regeneration, diabetes, neurology and cardiovascular complications, to name a few. Stem cell therapy was, and still is of promising importance in the chemotherapy of certain cancers. It is a well known fact that chemotherapeutic agents, being non selective in nature, destroy both, the tumorigenic as well as the healthy, viable cells. An immediate replenishment of these cells is required in order to maintain optimal bodily functions, and this could be brought about by stem cell intervention, wherein the cells are derived from the embryonic placenta. This is the underlying principle of a bone marrow transplant. The marrow from a healthy donor supplies the viable hematopoietic stem cells to an immunocompromised individual who has low levels of these cells, due to either radiation or chemotherapy (Gonez and Knight). In this paper, I would like to discuss how stem cell research and transplantation techniques could be extended to patients diagnosed with Type I diabetes, the benefits and advantages versus the drawbacks, and the ethical issues one has to address while resorting to stem cell therapy. Type-1 Diabetes: Type-1, Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes is an autoimmune disorder, in which the ?-cells of the islets of the Langerhans in the pancreas get affected or destroyed. As a result, the levels of insulin secreted are extremely low. Since this hormone plays the most important role in the uptake of the monosaccharide glucose by the cells, its depletion or absence results in high levels of circulating blood glucose. This condition is called hypergly cemia, and if blood glucose levels are unregulated for a prolonged period of time, could result in fatalities. Since this is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells damaged completely, the only possible therapy in management of this condition is by delivering insulin through external sources, via injections or pumps. Drugs, which act on the ? cells of the pancreas in Type 2 diabetes, will be ineffective in type 1 diabetics, due to the lack of functional cells. A pancreatic transplant is one of the methods of addressing this issue, however, a minimum of 4 donor pancreas from brain dead volunteers are required in order for the process to have some success (Zhao et al.). Since the likelihood and feasibility entails many variables, it is not one of the sought after processes aimed at therapy. Current research could thus be aimed at restoring functionality of the damaged pancreatic tissue by means of a stem cell intervention, which could gradually regenerate these cells to self-produce this hormone. Experimental studies demonstrate that xenografts, tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells are considered as hot targets in aiming to treat this condition. Pancreatic cells have a complex stimulus-response mechanism, depending on a multitude of factors such as activation of ion channels, sensitization of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, etc. Essentially, the 2 aspects that have to be taken into consideration are their capacity to synthesize and house insulin, and the

Virginia School Of Polygraph

Virginia School Of Polygraph The purpose of this paper is to address abnormal behavior and various psychological disorders so polygraph examiners may have a better realization and understanding when conducting polygraph examinations on such individuals. There will be occasions when a polygraph examiner will have to conduct polygraph examinations on individuals who posses abnormal behavior and psychological disorders. If the polygraph examiner has knowledge and is aware of the signs and symptoms associated with abnormal behavior and personality disorders and what types of charts the examinee may produce, the polygraph examiner will be able to determine to what extent the examination can offer. The polygraph examiner should also recognize the safeguards and incorporate precautions when questioning these types of examinees. The polygraph examiner who is very familiar with abnormal behavior and psychological disorders is better suited to recognize examinees that may have not been diagnosed with a disorder. The polygraph examiner will be able to generate a better examination when interviewing these individuals. ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSHYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS There will be examinees, which have a psychological disorders to perform well on the polygraph examination and produce good charts and others that may not do well resulting in poor charts. A bad chart can have a greater area of tracing impurities or artifacts. Artifacts that might possibly arise in subjects who posses psychological disorders could be: excessive movement, talking, audible sighs or laughing. The polygraph examiner who can recognize the symptoms associated with these disorders would be able to gather from the physiological activity on the polygraph exam that the examinee could be undergoing psychological problems. The examiner should then advise the examinee that he needed to be evaluated. A determination should be made by the examiner if the examination should be postponed until the examinee is better equipped to produce clearer charts on the polygraph examination. The polygraph examiner will not be able to obtain better chart readings until the physiological issues ca n be somewhat resolved. By addressing these issues to the right care takers in the field of psychiatry, the examinee would be better suited for a re-examination. Once these safeguards are in place for the different psychological disorders and all parties involved understand the importance of quality charts needed from the examination, there would be no wasted time and effort. Because of these disorders, it is very important that the polygraph examiner be able to recognize psychological disorders in examinees and those who may be using deceptive characteristics. ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Abnormal behavior and various psychological disorders will be defined in this research paper and the appropriate instructions will be given to better prepare the polygraph examiner when administering examinations. (Matte, 1996) Defining the word abnormal can be sometimes difficult, but to most psychologists, it simply means to deviate from the norm. This can present a complex problem to psychology because you have to ask: what is normal, what guidelines, for what age, for what culture. Many would say that what is good is normal and what is bad is abnormal. This however can be a generalized statement. There are other ways of determining a more objective reference point. One method of determining abnormality is statistical deviation. In the bell-shaped curve below, one can recognize that the majority of human characteristics can be easily recognized. (http://www.purgatory.net) A standard bell curve ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS People who fall to the far left or to the far right from the chart division in the middle could be considered abnormal. The misconception of this meaning however can cause disagreements over the meaning of abnormality. It does not identify other variables such as those who have an above than average IQ. It does not identify common but maladaptive behavior like people who use tobacco products or those who use alcohol. Strategies using this approach can be very useful in science and statistics. (http://www.purgatory.net) An easy way to classify abnormal behavior is by ones personal stresses. Simply stated, if a person is happy with their life, then there would be no problems concerning the mental health profession. But, if ones thoughts or actions are causing personal conflict or sadness, they would be characterized as abnormal. Another way to identify abnormality is through maladaptive behavior. In maladaptive behavior, there are two viewpoints. First, is maladaptive to ones self. Second, is maladaptive to society. Maladaptive to ones self, is a persons failure to obtain personal objectives or to work through the pressures of everyday life. Maladaptive to society is when a person causes problems or issues to the whole of society thus causing dysfunction This explanation permits tremendous manageability. It allows space for a person to conform their behavior to societys norms. It also allows for deviant behavior if the person ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS does not attempt to harm themselves. This allows the terminology of abnormality to be identified the way it should be by resting on the fact that each individuals life experiences and environment are different. There are some classifications of behavior that testifies to the possible threats to the lives and livelihood of people. The following examples explain the various stages of these classifications: extended episodes of discomfort, inability to function, unexplained behavior, and disruptive behavior. Extended periods of discomfort are classified as things such as worrying about a test or if a loved one dies. The discomfort is real and threatens the individual but in time, the discomfort goes away. If these feelings continue and appear not to be coming from these examples a person could be considered to have a disorder. Impaired functioning may be when a person who has a very high IQ, but has difficulties passing tests. Unexplained behavior is when people do things that others find strange. The body piercings and clothes that teenagers get in todays society are unexplainable to the older generation but are explainable by sociologist due to the fact everyone wants to be in style with their preferred peers. Unexplained behavior has no explainable theory other than the individual appears to be mentally impaired. Disruptive behavior is when a person displays sporadic and uncontrollable behavior that disrupts the lives of others or deprives them of ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSHCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS their human rights on a regular basis. This type of behavior is characteristic of a severe psychological disorder. There are many psychological disorders that the polygraph examiner must be aware of and they are as follows: Anxiety, Mood, Personality, Schizophrenia, Delusional, Sexual, Somatoform and Dissociative. Anxiety disorders are disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom (generalized anxiety or panic disorders) or anxiety is experienced unless the individual avoids feared situations (phobic disorders) or tries to resist performing certain rituals or thinking persistent thoughts (obsessive-compulsive disorders). Also includes post-traumatic stress disorder. Mood disorders are when a person may be extremely depressed or may change between periods of elation and depression. Personality disorders are long-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior that exhibits immature and inappropriate ways of coping with stress and solving problems. Antisocial personality disorder is an example. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behavior. At some phase delusions or hallucinations almost always occur. Delusional disorders are characterized by excessive suspicions and hostility, accompanied by feelings of being persecuted; reality ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS contact in other areas satisfactory to the norm. Sexual disorders include transsexualism, sexual interest in children, impotence, premature ejaculation and sexual performance. Psychoactive substance abuse disorders include excessive use of alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamines, cocaine, and other drugs that alter behavior. Marijuana and tobacco are also included in this category, which is controversial. Somatoform disorders are physical but no organic basis can be found and psychological factors appear to play the major role. Included are conversion disorders (for example, a woman who resents having to care for her invalid mother suddenly develops a paralyzed arm) and hypochondriasis (excessive preoccupation with health and fear of disease when there is no basis for concern). Dissociative disorders are temporary alterations in the functions of consciousness, memory, or identity due to emotional problems. Included are amnesia (the individual cannot recall anything about his or her histo ry following a traumatic experience) and multiple personality (two or more independent personality systems existing within the same individual). (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) The majority of people always feel a little nervous sometimes. However, people with anxiety disorders feel an abnormal amount from common things. In all types of anxiety disorders, anxiety is the main symptom. There are four major types of anxiety disorders: ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS generalized anxiety/panic disorders, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder. A person with a general anxiety disorder lives in a state of constant nervousness. People with this disorder usually overreact to any type of stress. Typically, individuals have trouble making decisions and when they actually do this it usually only causes additional worries. Sufferers of general anxiety tend to have panic attacks. Some theorists think that this disorder is caused by a learned anxiety. For example, being nervous once about something and learning to avoid that something. A phobia is a fear of a specific stimulus or situation. The sufferer of a phobia usually knows that the fear is irrational but cannot do anything about it. Phobia has three sub-classes: simple phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. A simple phobia is a fear of a specific thing or situation. A person may have one phobia but be normal in all other aspects. However, in serious cases, a perso n may have multiple phobias that interfere with their everyday life. Social phobias are when people have an extreme fear of social situations and of embarrassing themselves. The most common types of this phobia are public speaking and eating in public. This type of phobia creates an irrational fear of unfamiliar situations. People with agoraphobia avoid open spaces, crowds, traveling, and in extreme cases do not even leave their home. It is also the most difficult to cure. Obsessive-Compulsive ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS disorders are the persistent intrusions of unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses that cause anxiety. A compulsion is an irresistible urge to carry out certain acts or rituals that reduce anxiety. These two things are often linked together. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder know that their behavior is irrational, but are unable to resist. The resistance only causes them to become anxious and only the carrying out of the act will relieve that anxiety. Compulsion has many forms, but the two most common are washing and checking. The obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to the phobias in that both cause severe anxiety and a patient may suffer from both disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is caused by a traumatic event that overwhelms a person and ruins their ability to cope with a situation. It can cause flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, and/or guilt. It is usually extremely long lasting. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) In Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression, there are swings in mood from elation to depression with no discernable external cause. During the manicky phase of this disorder, the patient may show excessive, unwarranted excitement or silliness, carrying jokes too far. They may also show poor judgment and recklessness ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS and may be argumentative. Manics may speak rapidly, have unrealistic ideas, and jump from subject to subject. They may not be able to sleep or sit still for very long. These symptoms are predominant for a specific period of time lasting for a few days or even a few months. Hospitalization can often be necessary to keep the person from harming themselves and others. The other side of the bipolar coin is the depressive episode. Bipolar depressed patients often sleep more than usual and are lethargic. This contrasts with those with major depression, who usually has trouble sleeping and is agitated. During bipolar depressive episodes, a patient may also show irritability and withdrawal. Manic episodes can occur without depression, but this is very rare. Bipolar disorder is relatively uncommon, occurring in less than 1% of the population. Many researchers believe that it has an organic basis, as it is more common among identical than fraternal twins and may reflect an excess of norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter believed to play a part in depression. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) Schizophrenia is a class of disorders that are identified by loss of contact with reality, marked disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behavior. Sometime in the ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS persons life there will be delusions or hallucinations that almost always occur. Schizophrenia is among the most debilitating and complex of the psychoses. Approximately 1% of the world population is affected with this mental illness. Emil Kraeplin first identified the illness in 1986 when he distinguished it from the mood disorders. Kraeplin believed that all psychiatric disorders were caused by organic factors, and his experience suggested to him that the onset of the disease occurred early in the life of the individual. Hence, he called it dementia praecox, which means a premature deterioration of the brain. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) Emils thoughts were later disputed by many psychiatrists. One of these was Eugene Bleuler, an eminent Swiss psychiatrist, who, in 1911 found that the onset of the disease could in fact occur in the later years. He also reported that schizophrenia was not characterized by the progressive deterioration over the life of the patient, but rather that most patients, after an original severe deterioration, tend to stabilize and remain at the same point in their psychosis for extended periods of time. Bleuler also felt that in order to avoid any misunderstanding of the nature of the illness by the now obvious misnomer attached to it; the disease would be much better served if it was referred to as ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONSON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS schizophrenia. Bleuler invented the word by combining two Greek words meaning split and mind. This emphasized a splitting apart of the patients affective and cognitive functioning, which are heavily affected by the disease. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) There are two types of schizophrenia: Type I (Reactive or Acute Schizophrenia and Type II (Process Schizophrenia). Reactive schizophrenia is usually sudden and seems to be a reaction to some life crisis. Since the premorbid history is usually good, when the disease does manifest itself, it is in the early phases. Reactive schizophrenia is a more treatable form of the illness than process or chronic schizophrenia. Reactive Schizophrenia is also referred to as poor premaid schizophrenia. It is characterized by lengthy periods of its development with a slow deterioration and negative symptoms. It doesnt seem to be related to any major life change or negative event. Usually this type of schizophrenia is associated with loners who are rejected by society, tend not to develop social skills and dont excel out of high school. The principal disturbance in the schizophrenics thought processes is multiple delusions. This is divided into two sub-categories, persecutory delusions (in which the sc hizophrenic believes that he/she is being talked about, spied ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS upon, or their death being planned) and delusions of reference (which is when the schizophrenic gives personal importance to completely unrelated incidents, objects, or people. Other common delusions include thought broadcasting (they believe their thoughts are visible to the outside world) and thought insertion, which is what most people perceive schizophrenia as consisting of (their thoughts are not their own and are in truth being inserted into their minds by some outside force). Other delusions, such as believing one to be Jesus Christ, may appear in extreme cases. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) The Delusional Disorder is from time to time is referred to as paranoia. The delusion may manifest itself as any of the following types: The persecutory type is when the individual believes he or she is being threatened or mistreated by others. The grandiose type is when victims of the disorder believe they are extraordinary important people or are possessed with extraordinary power, knowledge or ability. The jealous type is when the delusion centers on the unfaithfulness of a spouse. The eroticmatic type is when a person convinces themselves that a popular or well known celebrity is in love with them and letters are ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS exchanged between the two. The somatic type is when a persons false belief that is focused on a delusional physical abnormality or disorder. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) Sexual disorders include problems of sexual identity, sexual performance, and sexual aim. There are three major categories of sexual disorders: sexual dysfunctions, paraphilia, and gender identity disorders. Sexual dysfunctions prevent or reduce an individuals enjoyment of normal sex and prevent or reduce the normal physiological changes brought on normally by sexual arousal. These dysfunctions can be classified by the phase of the sexual cycle in which they occur. It is important to keep in mind that the diagnosis of sexual dysfunction is made only when the disability persists. Any of these could occur occasionally or be caused by a temporary factor such as fatigue, sickness, alcohol, or drugs. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich., 1993) Paraphilias are sexual behaviors in which unusual objects or scenarios are necessary to achieve sexual excitement. Eight paraphilias are recognized which are grouped into 3 broad categories: Preferences for nonhuman objects, Preferences for situations causing suffering, Preferences for nonconsenting partners. ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS There are two types of preferences for nonhuman objects: fetishism and transvestism. A fetish exists when a person is sexually aroused by a nonliving object. It can manifest in two ways, one more extreme than the other. One form associates coitus with some object like womens underwear. It is relatively harmless if the action is taken playfully and is acceptable to the persons partner. Certain parts of the body besides pleasurable foreplay can become fetishistic in its hold on the individual. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) The most extreme form of fetishism is when a nonliving object substitutes for a human partner, such as underwear, shoes, or delicate objects as velvet or silk. In this state, sexual gratification is achieved when the person is alone, fondling the object. Transvestism exists when the person achieves sexual excitement by cross-dressing. This is very rarely found in females so the male side of this paraphilia will be used as the example. Two different purposes seem to be associated with this act in different individuals. In one aspect the person seeks to intensify sexual excitement in intercourse with a partner by only partially dressing as a woman. In the other form, the male moves about in full female regalia, which suggests some type of gender identity disorder but not necessarily homosexuality. ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Preferences for situations causing suffering from the reported violent exploits of the Marquis de Sade. Sadist is applied to those who derive sexual excitement from the pain of others. The term masochist was derived from the writing of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch whose characters sought out women who would beat them. Masochist is applied to those who derive sexual excitement through their own pain. Hence, sadists and masochists go hand in hand, one depending on the need of the other. The danger of these needs is that each may need successively more brutal treatment to satisfy their sexual needs. Preferences for nonconsenting partners are separated into three types: exhibition, voyeurism and pedophilia. All three are considered crimes in this country and are almost entirely male crimes. Exhibitionism is the exposure of ones genitals in a public place. It is the most prominent sexual offense leading to arrest and makes up one third of all sexual crimes.1 From the psychological point of view, there are three characteristic features of the exhibition. First, it is always performed for unknown women; second, it always takes place where sexual intercourse is impossible, for example in a crowded shopping mall; and third, it must be shocking for the unknown woman or it seems to lose its power to produce sexual ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS arousal in the individual. Exhibitionists are not assaultive and are considered more of a nuisance than an actual danger. Voyeurism is Looking at sexually arousing pictures or situations are a relatively common, apparently normal activity. The difference between this and voyeurism is that in normal watching, the viewing is a prelude to normal sexual activity. In the voyeur or Peeping Tom the experience replaces normal sexual activity. Nevertheless, voyeurism may exist in a person who also engages in normal heterosexual activity. Pedophilia is the act of deriving sexual excitement through the physical contact of children. This paraphilia is radically different from exhibitionism and voyeurism in its severely damaging impact on the nonconsenting partner, a child. Ordinarily, the pedophiliac is someone who has ready access to the child. The child or parent would have no reason to suspect that the individual has a pedophilic orientation. A gender identity disorder exists when a person, male or female, experiences confusion, vagueness or conflict in their feelings about their own sexual identity. There is a struggle between the individuals anatomical sex gender and subjective feelings about choosing a masculine or feminine style of life. Children can distinguish the difference between males and females by the age of two and by their fourth birthday can recognize the different roles ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS that each sex plays in society. By the age of fifteen or so a person can relate to what arouses sexual feelings in themselves. Those with a gender identity disorder may have a problem with one or all of these aspects of identity. (Harcout Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993) The most common characteristic of the somatoform disorder is the appearance of physical symptoms or complaints of such without any organic basis. Such dysfunctional symptoms tend to range from a specialized sensory or motor diability to hypersensitivity to pain. Four major somatoform disorders exist: conversion disorder (also known as hysteria), hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, and somatoform pain disorder. The two somatoform disorders are conversion disorder and hypochondrias. The primary symptom for conversion symptom is often a lack or change in physical functioning. The diseased often react with an attitude of indifference, showing an amazing lack of concern. However, the primary symptoms which may include suc h serious ailments as blindness, amnesia and paralysis, are used as a defense mechanism by the person to escape from a stressful situation. In addition, there may be an awareness of the gains possible through the use of the symptom, which may prolong the symptom. Symptoms are grouped as follows. A conversion disorder is divided into three symptoms: Sensory symptoms, motor symptoms, and visceral symptoms. Sensory symptoms include anesthesia, excessive sensitivity to ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS strong stimulation (hyper anesthesia), loss of sense of pain (analgesia), and unusual symptoms such as tingling or crawling sensations. In motor symptoms, any of the bodys muscle groups may be involved: arms, legs, vocal chords. Included are tremors, tics (involuntary twitches), and disorganized mobility or paralysis. Visceral symptoms consists of trouble swallowing, frequent belching, spells of coughing or vomiting, all carried to an uncommon extreme. In both sensory and motor symptoms, the areas affected may not correspond at all to the nerve distribution in the area. Hypochondriasis has no real illness, but is overly obsessed with normal bodily functions. They read into the sensations of these normal bodily functions the presence of a feared disease. Dissociative disorders are disorders can no longer answer questions such as who they are, where they are at and what they are doing. People with a dissociative disorder remember information about their identity, memories or consciousness. These individuals dissociate from a specific point of reality. There are four categories of Dissociative Disorders: Depersonalization, Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. Depersonalization is a change in an individuals perception of themselves. They say to themselves things like, I feel like Im in a dream because their connection to reality feels as though they are not in complete control over their own actions or feelings. ADMINISTERING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS ON CLIENTS WHO POSSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia is when a person experiences a loss of memory about specific events, people, places or objects. Dissociative Fugue is categorized by a sudden or unexpected departure from home or work place. Dissociative Identity Disorder is also referred as Multiple Personality Disorder. This disorder is very rare, but is the most dramatic of all the dissociative disorders. People with this disorder alternate their personalities personifying a different person with different personalities. (Matte, 1996) The most important aspect to remember concerning individuals with an acute mental disorder, is that the polygraph examiner should postpone an examination until it is determined the state of the persons mental health. If the polygraph examiner knows in advance the state of the examinees mental condition and if a polygraph examination is required, the polygraph examiner should obtain written permission from the examinees medical care provider. (Matte, 1996)

Great White Sharks :: essays research papers

The Great White shark, also known as the white death, is considered the most dangerous shark in the waters. The Great White has a conical instead of a flattened snout, black eyes, and large, serrated, arrowhead-shaped teeth. The upper and lower lobes of the tail are almost equal in size, and the body is blue or brown-gray, not white, except on its belly. The Great White is found in temperate waters throughout the worlds oceans, and it is important, though not common, predator in California’s coastal habitat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The waters off central California offer a rich bounty of food for white sharks, and every summer and fall, they actively feed in nearshore areas. The Farallan Islands, a national wildlife refuge about twenty-seven miles off San Francisco, is a common feeding ground for the great white. The coastal waters along central California, especially around the Ano Nuevo State Reserve and along the Marin Headlands, are another common area for white sharks. In the summer the sharks move to the coasts of Oregon and occasionally the Gulf of Alaska, and in the fall, they turn south and move along the offshore islands. They are also found in great numbers in the Australian waters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The great white is a very agile killer that hunts mostly anything in the ocean. They are carnivorous and usually prey on sick or injured prey. Just one drop of blood can make the shark go into a feeding frenzy. It is not made to swim fast and its usual speed is fifteen miles per hour. It migrates south to warmer waters to give birth to six to nine pups. The only way it can defend itself is by using its mouth and its razor-sharp teeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most largest specimens caught was off of Mantauk, Long Island, and New York, in 1964; it was seventeen and a half feet long and weighed an estimated 4500 pounds. Between 1916 and 1969, there were thirty-two attacks on swimmers, resulting in thirteen deaths attributed to great white sharks. On three occasions white sharks were reported to have attacked boats, sinking one of them, a dory, off Cape Breton, Nova

Philosophers Helping America Essay

The paper is about a particular philosopher whose ideas coincide with what is needed of the United States of America. Apparently, lack of common interest among the citizens is one of the problems experienced by the people. The ideas presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau particularly on the origin of inequality answers all the issues that surround lack of common interest among citizens of a country. The first part of the paper will be a discussion about the problem on lack of common interest among citizens of America. It will be followed by a discussion about Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his discourses which is composed of topics about his second essay and its application to the problem of lack of common interest among Americans. Thus, it is submitted that Lack of Common Interest among Citizens of America There are three major important matters that Americans must consider for economic and political progress and these are national security, economic development, and political power. National security is the capability of a country to ensure self-preservation and protection in its internal and external territory. Economic development is a process by which a country is able to remain economically-stable and independent. Political power revolves around the idea that a country must be able to remain politically-powerful in the world. The problem emerges when political leaders and citizens of the country do not have common interests regarding economic and political development. The American people do not hold the same sentiments with respect to national security. Recently, some people are happy when the Bush revolution in foreign policy no longer exists (Daalder & Lindsay 1). But there is a glaring truth that enemies were just lurking within the country. Research studies reported that concern of Americans on sensitive international laws and institutions in relation to war and terror can change the world (Daalder & Lindsay 1). Yet, it is not denied that America allowed alienated allies to be unbound and empowered enemies. As a result, Americans were divided shaking the political values of the country. In addition, Bush administration allowed the existence of overstretched military capabilities and multiplied threats to enemy states. The installation of powerful military operatives in Iraq is one example of overstretching military power. This political strategy however was questioned by so many people. Hence, we are reminded that the United States of America is not omnipotent despite its unmatched political power around the world. The common interest should be the move of American political leaders to work closely with other states and end the devastating war. With respect to economic development in America, the people experienced differences in interest especially on the issue of business outsourcing. Some American businessmen decided to conduct outsourcing with other countries with respect to customer services and other manpower- dominated labor. For these businessmen, outsourcing can give positive results for their business endeavors. Most of the providers of manpower coming from other countries are producing skilled, competitive, and reliable employees (â€Å"Outsourcing Effects on America’s Economy†). Despite the fact that these workers are skilled and competitive, they are amenable to any agreement involving low salary. American companies were able to lessen their company costs due to outsourcing strategy that provides cheap labor. On the other hand, others are questioning the outsourcing strategy of American businessmen because it caused the increase of unemployment rate in the country (â€Å"Outsourcing Effects on America’s Economy†). Some American workers lost their jobs due to the advent of outsourcing manpower resources. The common interest should be the prioritization of American workers in terms of employment in its own country. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and His Discourses The Famous Philosophical Writings of Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the most intelligent philosophers of his time. He was an influential thinker that his works gained attention from the people. He also gained influence on other people during the Enlightenment period in 18th century Europe (â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778†). In the year 1970, Rousseau won in an essay contests conducted by the Academy of Dijon by the work â€Å"A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts† (â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778†). The primary argument of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the said philosophical work is that virtue and morality are corrupted due to the progression of science and the arts (â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778†). The second work of Rousseau is entitled â€Å"The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† which is famous for its extensive explanation of the first discourse. The second philosophical work of Rousseau did not earn him an award from the Academy of Dijon. Immanuel Kant’s writings on ethics were influenced by the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778†). Lastly, the political ideals of Rousseau were used by political leaders during the French Revolution. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality The Philosophical Idea of Jean-Jacques Rousseau The essay of Rousseau entitled â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† answers the question on the origin of inequality of men. The four main parts of the essay are dedication to the Republic of Geneva, a brief preface, a primary part, and a secondary part. Rousseau believes that the presence of society is just an invention. He attempted to give an explanation on the nature of men by means of stripping all their unintended attributes brought about by socialization (â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778†). The said work of Rousseau is related to the work of Hobbes and Locke. Application to the Problem The reason why there is lack of common interest among citizens of the United States is the existence of the rich and the poor. Rich and influential individuals continue to decide on matters that satisfies only their personal interest. The least fortunate exert efforts to advance their needs in the society. Since, society is just an invention according to Rousseau, the absence of human needs out of socialization results to the equalization of common interests. Thus, there is a need to eradicate selfish motives in the society and political leaders must work on the common welfare of the people. Rousseau knows that a person is inherently good (Pousi 1). The will of a person to go along with what is needed in the society makes him bad. Money is the cause of all evil. Rousseau used historical explanation in this concept in order to understand the factors irrelevant to human nature (Puosi 1). During those times when money is not yet the most important need in every person, the behavior of mankind is good and there is a lower rate of criminality (Puosi 1). The concept of discrimination was invented when human nature was raised to the level of affluence and power. Basically, a person usually discriminates others if he belongs to a rich and powerful race. Therefore, the irrelevant needs of the people like extraneous power and influence must be eradicated. The need of extra money must not be the reason of service and work in the society. The problem of economic development can only be solved if American merchants will serve first the needs of other American workers before their own needs. In that way, higher rate of unemployment due to outsourcing labor can be solved. The political and economic development changes over time due to the existence of international competition over world power. The concept of terrorism was discovered when other countries wants to rule over the world like America does in terms of political and economic influence and power. The human nature which is kind-hearted and good was replaced by greed and violence when the will to rule the world consumes them. Rousseau is mindful of the abstraction of reason which was tainted by greediness of power over time (Puosi 1). Hence, what is needed is to make reasonable decisions consciously for general welfare and not for seeking selfish motives. Rousseau is also aware the good manners and right conduct, morality, justice, and love are the core values that are normal for a human being. Respect and loyalty towards other people existed many years ago. In fact, agreements between individuals without written contracts were used due to mutual promise to perform obligations. The situation changed when dishonesty and unethical business attitudes came into existence. Rousseau is trying to explain that there could never be a problem if the true essence of sound morals can be used as the guiding principles of men. The concept of morality still existed nowadays but was corrupted by the will to become wealthy and influential. For example, some businessmen no longer care for the moral uprightness of men when pornography was made available to them for reasons of business profits. Prostitution was developed in such a way that all people tend to destroy family relationships just to earn profits. Rousseau was thinking then that sound morals were replaced by the word money alone and none other. Justice is a very important concept that most people value. Justice propagates peace and harmony in the society. Justice is the remarkable instrument that makes people reacts positively to the laws enacted by political leaders. It is also the foundation of the peaceful interrelations of the component elements of society which makes us become civilly and economically progressive. And yet, when the ability to circumvent the law existed, justice is no longer the rule but the basis of every legal demand. Rousseau believes that justice breeds peace and harmony among human beings, but he also knew that it can be destroyed by personal motives and interests in the society. Let us consider the stretching of military power in Iraq via foreign policy of Bush administration. Several military personnel were sent to Iraq just to satisfy the need to advance foreign policy of the country. The untold casualties of war are shocking and unbelievable. The country may be powerful over Iraq but both suffered tremendously because of the war. But raising the concern of fighting against terrorist acts justifies the war in Iraq. The American people spend money out of governmental budget to support national defense and foreign policy thereby neglecting other important matters like education and healthcare. Rousseau must be correct when he said that historical events had unraveled and contaminated the good in human heart and soul by suppressing passions and instincts to the generalization of motive (Puosi 1). Thus, lack of common interest among the people can be treated by means of observing justice in all aspect of policy-making. The little siblings of selfish interest include the concepts of corruption, greed, thirst of power and violence (Puosi 1). Rousseau labeled all these devilish attitudes as products of a social make-up or structure shaped by historical events. These negative attitudes clued-up the alienation of those core values relevant and normal to human nature. Corruption is common in the society today. Thirst of power and violence remained the reasons why some Americans are imprisoned for such a long time. The overcrowding of prison cells is due to the inability of the government to prevent men from doing criminal acts over time. And the worst thing is, people tend to commit criminal acts due to poverty and worsening social condition. The cycle of social matters kept on moving toward the destruction of the people and we tend to ignore the reasons of our difficulties. This point of time, we take heed to the words of Rousseau, private property ownership is the source of all inequality. In the context of modern society, ownership of private property is acceptable as long as it is done justifiable and reasonably. The problem lies on the acquisition of private property through deceit and fraudulent machinations. The acquisition of private property is also the mother of discrimination as other people think that all things belong to them. Rousseau pointed out that the insatiable needs of men to own private property is the foundation of all evils (Puosi 1). The optimal reason for divisive acts and irregular decisions of government leaders is the desire to possess several private properties. Hence, the social and economic conditions of the people can be improved if unfair acquisition of private property is eradicated in the society. Conclusion The subject of the discussion is the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau about the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. The said writing of Rousseau was used to analyze the three problem of society that breeds lack of common interest among the citizens of the United States of America. The three problems mentioned include the failure of the government to enrich and magnify national security, economic development, and political power in the perspective of human nature. According to Rousseau, men by nature are good and that justice, sound morality, and love are the core values of men. But the historical events of having a goal of private property acquisition tainted these values. Therefore, men should refrain from doing unfair deeds and unjustifiable acquisition of private property. Finally, the war in Iraq and other destructive military operations staged by America must be stopped. The social needs of education and health care must be prioritized. There is no problem if the people are protected from terrorist attacks, but it should be done in the right perspective by the government. Works Cited Daalder, Ivo & Lindsay, James. â€Å"Democracies of the World Unite†. 2009. The American Interest Website. February 24, 2009 < http://www. the-american-interest.com/ai2/article. cfm? Id=219&MId=6> â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)†. 2009. Niagara University. February 24, 2009 â€Å"Outsourcing Effects on America’s Economy†. 2009. Article Snatch. February 24, 2009 < http://www. articlesnatch. com/Article/Outsourcing-Effects-on-America—s-Economy/478092> Puosi, Emanuela. â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality†. 5 November 2008. Political Philosophy Website. February 24, 2009 .